A lot of discussion is going on about the four yugas, both in Siddhantic and pre-siddhantic periods.
Since we do not find much direct evidence about the duration of four yugas in the Vedic lore, all we can do is to go by conjectures which may or may not be correct always. As such, to start with, it is better to concentrate on the Siddhantic and even Pauranic and post Siddhantic definition and duration of yugas and maybe then we can do some “back-calculation” like Aryabhata etc. to arrive at some conclusion about the duration of yugas.
As on date, we have the first and foremost Siddhantic work known as the Surya Siddhanta, which has given the duration of all the four yugas and their sandhis in an unambiguous manner. The links of this SS can be traced to the Surya Siddhanta of the Pancha-Siddhantika since the fundamental arguments/mean orbital elements given in that work are zero for the start of Kali Era for all the planets, except for Moon’s node., which was 180 degrees.
The Surya Siddhanta that is currently available also gives the same fundamental arguments as that of the Panchasiddhantika SS, with some negligible corrections in daily motion, but the basic premise remains the same that the longitudes of all the planets except for lunar node was zero at the start of Kaliyuga.
Till the time of Aryabhata, nobody had any idea as to when the Kaliyuga had started, since all that the SS had done was just give the mean longitudes as zero on the start of that date.
Aryabhata did some back calculation on the basis of daily mean motion of all the planets and the lunar node, as given in the SS itself, and found that they were exactly zero three thousand-six hundred years prior to his twenty-third birthday, which took place on March 21, 499 AD.
To start with, he had calculated the starting time of Kaliyuga for his Arya-Siddhanta as midnight of February 17/18, 3102 BCE, for LMT at Ujjain, which yields 18hrs 56 mts 56 seconds of GMT for February 17, 3102 BCE. And that is the result yielded by both the Surya Siddhantas viz. the one from Pancha-siddhantika and the one that is currently available. This is known as Ardharatrika system, since the Kaliyuga is supposed to have started at exact midnight, LMT.
Aryabhata, however, appears to have found a fly in the ointment since it appears he was born sometime after the sunrise of March 21, 476 AD instead of before sunrise of that date and as such, he did not want his twenty-third birth-day to be one day plus/minus from the exact 3600 years after Kaliyuga had started. As such, he changed (manipulated!) the daily motion of the planets of the Surya Siddhanta of Pancha-Siddhantika in such a manner as to make them yield the desired results for the supposed sunrise time of Ujain, for 3102 BCE, which was, according to him 6-00 am LMT for February 18, 3102 BCE! This is known as Audayika system and the fundamental arguments, with manipulation in daily motion, were given by him in Aryabhaitya.
However, ironically, 6-00 am LMT is not the actual sunrise time of Ujjain for February 18, 3102 BCE, but somehow, it appears to have satisfied his ego, that he was twenty-three years old exactly after 3600 years of Kaliyuga had elapsed!
The most ironic fact is that whether it was the Surya Siddhanta or Aryabhatiya or Brahmasphuta Siddhanta or Shishya-dhi-vridhida etc., all of them presumed the mean longitudes of all the planets except for lunar node to be zero at the start of Kaliyuga!
It is evident from the above discussion that some Greek astrologer, who called himself Mayasura, took the approximate mean longitudes---which in themselves were wrong---- for some day in February 102 BCE (the approximate time of compilation of the Surya Siddhanta!) and accordingly, manipulated the daily motion for the past three thousand years in such a manner so as to make the longitudes of all the planets zero on February 17/18, 3012 BCE, midnight for Ujjain!
That the mean longitudes of all the planets were zero on February 17/18, 3102 is a fundamentally wrong hypothesis, based neither on astronomy nor on any dharmashastra but just the whims and fancies of the creator of the Surya Siddhanta, who must have been some Greco-Chaldean astrologer, masquerading as Maya-asura, who claimed that planetary longitudes had been revealed to him by none other than Surya Bhagwan Himself, will be evident from the below details:
Here MA means modern astronomy; Si Shi = Siddhanta Shiromani; CSS = Currently available Surya Siddhanta; OSS means the original Surya Siddhanta, as given in Pancha-siddhantika
PLANET SAYANA(SiDMS) LAHIRI(SiDMS) LAHIRI DIFF(DMS)
M A SUN 10 1 39 16 11 18 15 4 - 46 35 48
M A MOON 9 26 55 49 11 13 31 37 - 46 35 48
M A RAHU 4 27 8 6 6 13 43 55 - 46 35 48
M A MERCURY 8 28 21 48 10 14 57 36 - 46 35 48
M A VENUS 11 4 43 21 0 21 19 10 + 313 24 12
M A MARS 9 20 1 48 11 6 37 36 - 46 35 48
M A JUPITER 10 18 9 20 0 4 45 9 + 313 24 12
M A SATURN 9 12 9 37 10 28 45 25 - 46 35 48
Original (SiDMS) Sayana Diff(DMS) Lahiri Diff(DMS)
SI SHI SUN 11 29 45 13 - 58 5 57 - 11 30 9
SI SHI MOON 11 26 42 21 - 59 46 33 - 13 10 44
SI SHI RAHU 6 26 47 50 - 59 39 43 - 13 3 55
SI SHI MERCURY 11 26 23 6 - 88 1 18 + 314 57 36
SI SHI VENUS 11 28 18 12 - 23 34 51 - 336 59 2
SI SHI MARS 11 28 55 58 - 68 54 10 - 22 18 22
SI SHI JUPITER 11 29 26 21 - 41 17 1 - 354 41 13
SI SHI SATURN 11 28 46 4 - 76 36 27 - 30 0 39
CSS SUN 0 0 0 0 + 301 39 16 + 348 15 4
CSS MOON 0 0 0 0 + 296 55 49 + 343 31 37
CSS RAHU 6 0 0 0 - 32 51 54 + 13 43 55
CSS MERCURY 0 0 0 0 + 268 21 48 + 314 57 36
CSS VENUS 0 0 0 0 + 334 43 21 + 21 19 10
CSS MARS 0 0 0 0 + 290 1 48 + 336 37 36
CSS JUPITER 0 0 0 0 + 318 9 20 + 4 45 9
CSS SATURN 0 0 0 0 + 282 9 37 + 328 45 25
Aryabhatiya Sun 11 29 45 13 - 58 5 57 - 11 30 9
Aryabhatiya Moon 11 26 42 21 - 59 46 33 - 13 10 44
Aryabhatiya Rahu 6 0 0 48 - 32 52 41 + 13 43 44
Aryabhatiya Merc. 11 28 58 37 - 90 36 49 - 44 1 1
Aryabhatiya Venus 11 29 35 58 - 24 52 37 - 338 16 48
Aryabhatiya Mars 11 29 52 8 - 69 50 20 - 23 14 32
Aryabhatiya Jupi. 11 29 58 45 - 41 49 25 - 355 13 37
Aryabhatiya Saturn 11 29 59 30 - 77 49 53 - 31 14 5
OSS SUN 0 0 0 0 + 301 39 16 + 348 15 4
OSS MOON 0 0 0 0 + 296 55 49 + 343 31 37
OSS RAHU 6 0 0 0 - 32 51 54 + 13 43 55
OSS MERCURY 0 0 0 0 + 268 21 48 + 314 57 36
OSS VENUS 0 0 0 0 + 334 43 21 -21 19 10
OSS MARS 0 0 0 0 + 290 1 48 + 336 37 36
OSS JUPITER 0 0 0 0 + 318 9 20 + 4 45 9
OSS SATURN 0 0 0 0 + 282 9 37 + 328 45 25
Thus it is clear from the above data that there is no uniformity in the difference between the mean longitudes of the SS or Aryabhatiya or even the Siddhanta Shiromani and the modern astronomy, whether so called sayana or so called nirayana, with “almighty” Lahiri Ayanamsha!
Which means that all those “zero longitudes” are manipulations of the worst kind!
We should have expected something better from the Siddhanta Shiromani, as Bhaskarachary-II was around in twelfth century AD, but even he is woofully away from the correct diaganosis of the problem!
Thus we can safely say that all the Siddhantakars, incuding Bhaskara-II, were ignorant about the fundamental flaws in the fundamental arguments of even their own siddhantas!
So astronomical Kaliyuga never started in 3102 BCE! As such, we have to change this era completely, as it is a total lie that more than 5100 years of the same have passed till date i.e. 2010 AD.
(To be contd…./2)
Since we do not find much direct evidence about the duration of four yugas in the Vedic lore, all we can do is to go by conjectures which may or may not be correct always. As such, to start with, it is better to concentrate on the Siddhantic and even Pauranic and post Siddhantic definition and duration of yugas and maybe then we can do some “back-calculation” like Aryabhata etc. to arrive at some conclusion about the duration of yugas.
As on date, we have the first and foremost Siddhantic work known as the Surya Siddhanta, which has given the duration of all the four yugas and their sandhis in an unambiguous manner. The links of this SS can be traced to the Surya Siddhanta of the Pancha-Siddhantika since the fundamental arguments/mean orbital elements given in that work are zero for the start of Kali Era for all the planets, except for Moon’s node., which was 180 degrees.
The Surya Siddhanta that is currently available also gives the same fundamental arguments as that of the Panchasiddhantika SS, with some negligible corrections in daily motion, but the basic premise remains the same that the longitudes of all the planets except for lunar node was zero at the start of Kaliyuga.
Till the time of Aryabhata, nobody had any idea as to when the Kaliyuga had started, since all that the SS had done was just give the mean longitudes as zero on the start of that date.
Aryabhata did some back calculation on the basis of daily mean motion of all the planets and the lunar node, as given in the SS itself, and found that they were exactly zero three thousand-six hundred years prior to his twenty-third birthday, which took place on March 21, 499 AD.
To start with, he had calculated the starting time of Kaliyuga for his Arya-Siddhanta as midnight of February 17/18, 3102 BCE, for LMT at Ujjain, which yields 18hrs 56 mts 56 seconds of GMT for February 17, 3102 BCE. And that is the result yielded by both the Surya Siddhantas viz. the one from Pancha-siddhantika and the one that is currently available. This is known as Ardharatrika system, since the Kaliyuga is supposed to have started at exact midnight, LMT.
Aryabhata, however, appears to have found a fly in the ointment since it appears he was born sometime after the sunrise of March 21, 476 AD instead of before sunrise of that date and as such, he did not want his twenty-third birth-day to be one day plus/minus from the exact 3600 years after Kaliyuga had started. As such, he changed (manipulated!) the daily motion of the planets of the Surya Siddhanta of Pancha-Siddhantika in such a manner as to make them yield the desired results for the supposed sunrise time of Ujain, for 3102 BCE, which was, according to him 6-00 am LMT for February 18, 3102 BCE! This is known as Audayika system and the fundamental arguments, with manipulation in daily motion, were given by him in Aryabhaitya.
However, ironically, 6-00 am LMT is not the actual sunrise time of Ujjain for February 18, 3102 BCE, but somehow, it appears to have satisfied his ego, that he was twenty-three years old exactly after 3600 years of Kaliyuga had elapsed!
The most ironic fact is that whether it was the Surya Siddhanta or Aryabhatiya or Brahmasphuta Siddhanta or Shishya-dhi-vridhida etc., all of them presumed the mean longitudes of all the planets except for lunar node to be zero at the start of Kaliyuga!
It is evident from the above discussion that some Greek astrologer, who called himself Mayasura, took the approximate mean longitudes---which in themselves were wrong---- for some day in February 102 BCE (the approximate time of compilation of the Surya Siddhanta!) and accordingly, manipulated the daily motion for the past three thousand years in such a manner so as to make the longitudes of all the planets zero on February 17/18, 3012 BCE, midnight for Ujjain!
That the mean longitudes of all the planets were zero on February 17/18, 3102 is a fundamentally wrong hypothesis, based neither on astronomy nor on any dharmashastra but just the whims and fancies of the creator of the Surya Siddhanta, who must have been some Greco-Chaldean astrologer, masquerading as Maya-asura, who claimed that planetary longitudes had been revealed to him by none other than Surya Bhagwan Himself, will be evident from the below details:
Here MA means modern astronomy; Si Shi = Siddhanta Shiromani; CSS = Currently available Surya Siddhanta; OSS means the original Surya Siddhanta, as given in Pancha-siddhantika
PLANET SAYANA(SiDMS) LAHIRI(SiDMS) LAHIRI DIFF(DMS)
M A SUN 10 1 39 16 11 18 15 4 - 46 35 48
M A MOON 9 26 55 49 11 13 31 37 - 46 35 48
M A RAHU 4 27 8 6 6 13 43 55 - 46 35 48
M A MERCURY 8 28 21 48 10 14 57 36 - 46 35 48
M A VENUS 11 4 43 21 0 21 19 10 + 313 24 12
M A MARS 9 20 1 48 11 6 37 36 - 46 35 48
M A JUPITER 10 18 9 20 0 4 45 9 + 313 24 12
M A SATURN 9 12 9 37 10 28 45 25 - 46 35 48
Original (SiDMS) Sayana Diff(DMS) Lahiri Diff(DMS)
SI SHI SUN 11 29 45 13 - 58 5 57 - 11 30 9
SI SHI MOON 11 26 42 21 - 59 46 33 - 13 10 44
SI SHI RAHU 6 26 47 50 - 59 39 43 - 13 3 55
SI SHI MERCURY 11 26 23 6 - 88 1 18 + 314 57 36
SI SHI VENUS 11 28 18 12 - 23 34 51 - 336 59 2
SI SHI MARS 11 28 55 58 - 68 54 10 - 22 18 22
SI SHI JUPITER 11 29 26 21 - 41 17 1 - 354 41 13
SI SHI SATURN 11 28 46 4 - 76 36 27 - 30 0 39
CSS SUN 0 0 0 0 + 301 39 16 + 348 15 4
CSS MOON 0 0 0 0 + 296 55 49 + 343 31 37
CSS RAHU 6 0 0 0 - 32 51 54 + 13 43 55
CSS MERCURY 0 0 0 0 + 268 21 48 + 314 57 36
CSS VENUS 0 0 0 0 + 334 43 21 + 21 19 10
CSS MARS 0 0 0 0 + 290 1 48 + 336 37 36
CSS JUPITER 0 0 0 0 + 318 9 20 + 4 45 9
CSS SATURN 0 0 0 0 + 282 9 37 + 328 45 25
Aryabhatiya Sun 11 29 45 13 - 58 5 57 - 11 30 9
Aryabhatiya Moon 11 26 42 21 - 59 46 33 - 13 10 44
Aryabhatiya Rahu 6 0 0 48 - 32 52 41 + 13 43 44
Aryabhatiya Merc. 11 28 58 37 - 90 36 49 - 44 1 1
Aryabhatiya Venus 11 29 35 58 - 24 52 37 - 338 16 48
Aryabhatiya Mars 11 29 52 8 - 69 50 20 - 23 14 32
Aryabhatiya Jupi. 11 29 58 45 - 41 49 25 - 355 13 37
Aryabhatiya Saturn 11 29 59 30 - 77 49 53 - 31 14 5
OSS SUN 0 0 0 0 + 301 39 16 + 348 15 4
OSS MOON 0 0 0 0 + 296 55 49 + 343 31 37
OSS RAHU 6 0 0 0 - 32 51 54 + 13 43 55
OSS MERCURY 0 0 0 0 + 268 21 48 + 314 57 36
OSS VENUS 0 0 0 0 + 334 43 21 -21 19 10
OSS MARS 0 0 0 0 + 290 1 48 + 336 37 36
OSS JUPITER 0 0 0 0 + 318 9 20 + 4 45 9
OSS SATURN 0 0 0 0 + 282 9 37 + 328 45 25
Thus it is clear from the above data that there is no uniformity in the difference between the mean longitudes of the SS or Aryabhatiya or even the Siddhanta Shiromani and the modern astronomy, whether so called sayana or so called nirayana, with “almighty” Lahiri Ayanamsha!
Which means that all those “zero longitudes” are manipulations of the worst kind!
We should have expected something better from the Siddhanta Shiromani, as Bhaskarachary-II was around in twelfth century AD, but even he is woofully away from the correct diaganosis of the problem!
Thus we can safely say that all the Siddhantakars, incuding Bhaskara-II, were ignorant about the fundamental flaws in the fundamental arguments of even their own siddhantas!
So astronomical Kaliyuga never started in 3102 BCE! As such, we have to change this era completely, as it is a total lie that more than 5100 years of the same have passed till date i.e. 2010 AD.
(To be contd…./2)
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